Fitriana Setya

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
An adverbial clause is a ependent clause used as an adverb,it therefore can modify a verb ,an adjective , a verbal,anotheradverb,or a sentence.
Subordinating words in adverbial clause
A subordinate conjuction introduces the adverbial clause and connects it with a word in the main clause.The following are frequently used subordinate conjunctions:
After Even if Since Until
although Even though So that Whatever
As For fear that So…….that When
As if if Such……. That Whenever
As/so long as In order that Supposing Where
As soon as No matter if Than Wherever
Because On condination that Though Whether
before Provided (that) unless while


The following are examples of adverbial clauses arranged according to the meaning of the subordinate conjunction.
1. Time :when,whenever,while,since,after,before,until,as.
2. Place : where, wherever.
3. Manner :as,as if.
4. Comparison :as,than.
5. Reason,cause,purpose: as,because,sothat,in order that,for fear that,since.
6. Result : so . . . that,such . . .that/ . . . such that.
7. Condition :if,whether,unless,provided,on condition that,as/so long as,supposing.
8. Contrast,concession: although,though,eventhough,no matter if,while,evenif,wherever, whenever,whatever,as much as,whereas.
Examples:
1. Time : He read law books whenever he had the chance
2. Place : we will meet wherever the committee decides.
3. Manner : he acted as if he owned the place
4. Comparison : however, I swim better than she does
5. Result : the book was so interesting that I read it in one evening
6. Condition : He will sign the contract whether it is satisfactory or not
Referensi :E.wishon.george and Julia m.burks.lets write English.new york,2006.
2.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Definisinya
Bagiandarikedua kata yang mengalamiperubahandalam kata benda
Adverbial Clause adalah kata yang digunakanuntukmenerangkan kata kerja,katasifat,atau kata tabahan yang lain.
Berdasarkanpenggunaannya di dalamkalimat,Adverbdapatdikelompokanmenjadi 3 golongan,yaitu:
A. Simple adverb
Simple adverb dapatdibagilagimenjadibeberapajenis,diantaranya:
1. Adverb of quality (Kata keterangankualitas)
Adverb of quality inipadaumumnyadigunakanuntukmenerangkankeadaan.
2. Adverb of time (Kata keteranganwaktu)
Adverb of time digunakanuntukmenerangkanwaktuterjadisesuatuperbuatanataukejadian yang diterangkandalamkalimat.
3. Adverb of place (kata keterangantempat)
Adverb of place digunakanuntukmenerangkantempatterjadinyasuatuperbuatanatauperitiwa yang diterangkandalamkalimat.
4. Adverb of degree (kata keterangan Tingkat)
Adverb of degree adalahktaketerangan yang digunakanuntukmenerangkantarafatautingkatan.
5. Adverb of belief and disbelief (kata keteranganmenegaskandanmenyangkal)
Adverb of belief and disbelief inidigunakanuntukmenegaskandanmenyangkal.
B. Relative Adverb (kata peneranganpenghubung)
Relative adverb padaumunyadigunakanuntukmenghubungkanduakalimatmenjadisatukalimat.
C. Interrogative Adverb (kata keteranganpenanya)
Interrogative adverb padaumunyadigunakanuntukmengajukanpertanyaan.
Contoh:
1. Time: He worked as a lawyer after he finished his education.
2. Place: We will meet wherever the committee decides.
3. Quality: send my letter fast
4. Degree: Your ca is rather expensive
5. Belief and Disbelief: Possibly they are in their classroom.
Referensi :Hariyantodony.complete English grammar.jakarta,2004
3. COMMAND AND REQUEST
A. Command
A command is an imperative sentence that is used to make an order. A bare infinitive is used to make an order. We put don’t before a bare infinitive to make a prohibition.
- Come here!
- Sit down!
- Pay the right amount!
- Send us your brochure!
- Be quiet
B. Request
A request is an order that is made to sound more polite by puttingthe word pleaseinfrount of or at the end of a command form.
- Please stay here! / Stay here, please!
- Please love me! / Love me, please!
- Please sit down! / Sit down, please!
- Please don’t go! / Don’t go, please!
- Please don’t stay here! / Don’t stay here, please!
C. Polite Request
A polite request is a request that uses certain expressions:
- Will you . . ., please? / Will you please . . . ?
Won’t you . . .,please? / Won’t you please . . .?
- Could you . . ., please? / Could you please . . .?
Can you . . ., please? / Can you please . . .?
- Would you . . ., please? / Would you please . . .?
Wouldn’t you . . .,please? / Wouldn’t you please . . .?

The above expressions use bare infinitives. On the other hand, Polite request with the expression Would you mind . . . please? Should use a gerund (verb-ing/being)
- Would you like to go, please?
- Would you mind being patient, please?
- Will you go, please?
- Can you be patient, please?
- Could you go, please?

Definisi :Comand and request kalimatpermintaanataupermohonandengan kata ganti orang kedua.
Referensi :Widya.yrama.comunicative and interactive English.bandung,2005.

4.REPORTED SPEECH
Devinisi
- Dalam Indirect Speech/Reported Speech terdapatperubahab kata kerjaatau tenses padakalimat yang di ucapkansipembicara.
- Dalam Direct Speech antara Reporting Verb dan Reported Words biasanyaditandaidendan (tandabaca) koma
- Tandakutip(Quotation Mark) tidakdipakaidalam Indirect Speech
Pengertian Reported Speech
Reported Speech adalahkalimat yangmelaporkansesuatusebagaiulangandaripernyataanseseorang.
Hal yang sangatumumtentanginiadalahkaitanantara Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech.
- Direct Speech (KalimatLangsung) adalahkalimat yang diucapkanlangsungolehsipembicara.
- Indirect Speech (KalimatTakLangsung) adalahkalimat yang mengatakanmelaporkankembaliucapanseseorangtanpamengubahmaksudapa yang dikatakansipembicara.
- Indirect Speech bisajugadisebut Reported Speech (Kalimat yang dilaporkan).
. Example:
Direct Speech
- Arum said “Anna has bought a new car”.
- Anti said “my parents are very well”
- Desi said “I’m going to give up smoking”
- Niken said “I can’t come to the party on Friday”
- Ningrum said “I want to gp on holiday but I don’t know where to gp”

Indirect Speech
- Arum said that anna had bought a new car
- Anti said that her parents were very well
- Desi said that she was going to give up smoking
- Niken said that she couldn’t come to the party on Friday
- Ningrum said the she wanted to go on holiday but she didn’t know where to go
Di dalam Reported Speech/Indirect Speech, terdapatperubahan-perubahankedalambentuklampau (the past)
Misalnya:
Am/ is menjadi was
Are menjadi was/were
Have/has menjadi had
Have to menjadi had to
Has to menjadi had to
Shall menjadi should
Will menjadi would
Can menjadi could
May menjadi might
Walk menjadi walked
Wear menjadi wore
Perubahan Tenses Dalam Reported Speech
Tenses dalam Reported Speech akanmengalamiperubahansebagaiberikut:
- Simple present menjadi simple past
- Present continues menjadi past continues
- Present perfect menjadi past perfect
- Simple past menjadi past perfect
- Simple future menjadi past future
- Past future menjadi past future perfect
Perludiperhatikanbahwa kata-kata berikutinibisaberubah:
This menjadi that
Here menjadi there
Now menjadi then
Ago menjadi before
Yesterday menjadi the day before
Tomorrow menjadi the following day
Next week menjadi the following week

Reported Speech yang tidakperlumengubah Tenses
- Inidapatterjadijika kata kerjapadaindukkalimatdinyatakandalamwaktusekarangatauwaktu (telah) lampau yang dianggapmasihrelevan.
- Dalam Reported Speech adakalanyatidakperlumengubah Tenses jikakitamelaporkanhal yang di anggap factual (nyata).
- Dalam Simple Past seringdijumpaitidakterdapatperubahan Tenses dalam Reported Speech.
- Kalimatlaporandalambentuk Present Perfect, atau Future Tense bisadiucapkantanpamengubah Tenses jikapernyataantidakdianggap using.
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech dalamkalimatpernyataan (Statement)
- Indirect Speech/Reported Speech dalamkalimatpernyataan (statement)lebihbanyakmenggunakan kata SAY atau SAID
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech dalamkalimatPerintah (Commands)
- Indirect speech darikalimatperintah (commands) seringmenggunakan kata TOLD atau ORDERED
- KalimatPerintahbentuknegatifdalam Reported Speech menggunakan NOT dan TO INFINITIVE
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech dalamkalimatPermohonan (Requests)
- Indirect Speech dankalimatPermohonaninimenggunakan kata ASKED
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech dalamkalimat Tanya (Questions)
- Indirect Speech darikalimat Tanya inimenggunakan kata ASKED
- Apabilakalimat Tanya memerlukanjawaban YES atau NO makadalam Reported Speech harusdisertakan IF atau WHETHER (artinya:apakah)
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech dalamkalimatSeru (Exclamations)
Kalimatserumenggunakan HOW atau WHAT yang artinya ALANGKAH, untukmengungkapkanperasaankagum,heran,terkejup,dsb.
- Indirect Speech dalamkalimatseruseringmenggunakan kata SAID Referensi:Supono.idi.english grammer.jakarta,2008
5. Direct and indirect speech
Direct Speech ataudisebutkutipanlangsungataukalimatlangsungadalahjikakitamengutipataumenirukansecarapersisapa yang dikatakanseseorangtanpamengubahsusunandan kata-katanyasedikitpun.
Direct Speech padaumumnyaterdiriatas 2(dua) bagian,yaitu:
1. Reporting Verb (kata kerja yang melaporkan)
2. Reported Words (kata-kata yang dilaporkan)
Contoh:
Reporting Verb : He says (diaberkata)
Reported words : “ I go to the office everyday”
Catatan :
- Reported words-nyaditulisdiantaratandakutip (Quotation Marks)
- Reporting VerbsamadenganReporting sentence,Reported wordssamadenganReported Speech,Reportedsentence
Indirect speech adalahkalimattaklangsungyaitukalimatyang dikatakanoleh orang lain (mungkinditempatdanwaktu yang berbeda) berdasarkanapa yang dikatakanolehpenuturpertama.’indirect speech’ disebutjuga reported speech atau quoted apeech.

Contoh:
Direct speech Indirect speech
He said,’I work hard He said (that) he worked hard
He said,’I will work hard He said (that) he would work hard
He said,’I worked hard He said (that) he had worked hard

1. Dalam indirect speech, “the past continuous tense” yang digunakandengan when clause tidakmengalamiperubahan
2. Dalam British English, penulisantandakutipmenggunakantandakutipsatu( ‘ ‘ ), sedangkandalam American English, penulisannyamenggunakantandakutipdua ( “ “ ).
3. Untuksuatupernyataan yang benarsecarauniversal,kitadapatmenggunakan the simple present tense didalam noun clause.contoh: he said that the sun rises in the east.

Perhatikanperubahan kata keteranganwaktudan kata kerja di dalam indirect speech.
He asked, ‘ Did you stay here? ‘ He asked whether (or not) I had stayed there.
He said, ‘ I was sick two days ago.’ He said (that) he had been sick two days before/earlier.
He said, ‘ I will work tomorrow.’ He said (that) he would work the following / next day.
He said, ‘ I arrived yesterday.‘ He said (that) he had arrived the day before / the previous day.
He said, ‘ I was there last week.’ He said (that) he had been there the week before.
He said, ‘ I am leaving today.’ He said (that) he was leaving that day.
He said, ‘ drivemyself.’ He said (that) he drove himself.
He said, ‘ I was early this morning.’ He said (that) he had been early that morning.
He said, ‘ I am eating now.’ He said (that) he was eating then.
He said, ‘ he will come.’ He said (that) he would go.

(a) Perhatikantatacarapenulisantandabaca. Tandabacatitik (.) harusada di dalamtandabacapetik. Setelah kata He said, gunakantandakoma (,) jikabukandiakhirkalimat.
(b) Jikakalimatlangsungada di depankalimat (memulaikalimat), makakalimatlangsung di dalamtandabacapetik( ‘ ‘ ) di akhiridengantandabacakoma (,) danberada di dalamtandapetik.contoh: ‘I came two days ago,’ he said.


Referensi :Lou.robby.english tenses and how to use them the first step to wardsspeking English.jakarta,2005